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Below are PDF versions of the citation handouts we keep at the Information Desk:
The following are a list of the different ways you can format your in-text citation:
Author’s name in text (no page number):
Cassell and Jenkins (2000) compared reaction times. . .
Author’s name in reference (no page number):
In a recent study of reaction times (Cassell & Jenkins, 2000). . .
Author’s name in text (page number):
According to Cuno (2008), within the last few years “archaeologists have lobbied for national and international laws, treaties, and conventions to prohibit the international movement of antiquities” (p. 1).
Author’s name in reference (page number):
The argument runs that, “The term 'Czechoslovak' had become a rich source of contention almost immediately after the state's formation” (Innes, 2001, p. 16).
Two authors in reference:
A study conducted on a college campus concluded that therapy dogs help to reduce stress in students during final examinations (Smith & Jones, 2016).
Three or more authors in reference:
Dehydration resulting from caffeine can cause severe complications from the body (Adams et al., 2012).
No known author:
A similar study was conducted around students learning how to format a research paper ("Using APA," 2019).
No known author or date:
In another study of students and research decision, it was discovered that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d).
What is Considered to be a Long Quotation?
If the quotation you use in your paper is longer than 3 lines, then it is considered to be a long quotation (also known as a "block quote").
Rules for Long Quotations
There are 4 basic rules that apply to long quotations:
Example of a Long Quotation
In order for libraries to grow and adapt to new generations, it is vital to experiment with programming and services:
The idea of experimentation is to try something new. On occasion, ideas do not always work out the way we hope, and that's okay. Assessment helps determine if an experiment is worth supporting permanently. We consider that iPad experiment at the Art & Architecture Library a failure. The few students who tried the apps, like the app Procreate, but there was not enough evidence for us to continue offering it. Even though we call it a failure, it was not a waste of time. We learned that students are interested in digital art platforms but prefer to use apps on their personal devices. (Copper, 2020, p. 79)
| Website Page |
NOTE: You do not need to include "Retrieved date, from URL" any longer in APA website citations, unless it is a site that frequently changes, such as map generators, population statistics, virus protocol policies, etc. (section 9.16, p. 290). Format: Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of work. Website name. URL Example: WHO kicks off deliberations on ethical framework and tools for social listening and infodemic management. (2023, February 10). World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/news/item/10-02-2023-who-kicks-off-deliberations-on-ethical-framework-and-tools-for-social-listening-and-infodemic-management In-Text Citation: (WHO kicks off, 2023) |
|
Personal Communications |
NOTE: Cite personal communications only in-text. Personal communications do not need to be referenced in the bibliography. Two Format Options: A. A. Author (personal communication, Month Day, Year) (A. A. Author, personal communication, Month Day, Year) Example: J. D. Smith claimed to have no knowledge of such incident (personal communication, November 27, 2015). The most important lesson of life is to surround yourself with positive and supportive people (M. T. Jones, personal communication, April 6, 2012). |
| Blog Post |
Format: Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of blog post. Name of blog website. URL Example: McKenney, S. (2020, January 10). New York style crumb cake. Sally's Baking Addiction. https://sallysbakingaddiction.com/crumb-cake/ In-Text Citation: (McKenney, 2020) |
| Unpublished Internal Company Document (i.e. Hospital policy, Departmental documents, etc.) |
Format: Name of company/organization. (Publication date). Title of document. Document number (if provided). Unpublished internal company document. Example: Upstate Medical University Hospital. (2020). Adult indwelling urinary catheters: Indications for use and maintenance. CM C-29. Unpublished internal company document. In-Text Citation: (Upstate Medical University Hospital, 2020) |
| YouTube Video |
Format: Author, A. A. OR Username. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Website name. URL Example: Simmons, W. (2019, December 20). Healthy grocery store food haul and snacks [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOFHyiSkFkU In-Text Citation: (Simmons, 2019, 8:36) |
| Audio Podcast Episode |
Format: Author, A. A (Host). (Year, Month Day). Title of podcast episode (Episode number)* [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of podcast. Sponsor Company. URL** *If the podcast does not number their episodes, omit from the reference. **If the URL is unknown, omit from the reference. Example: Duffin, K., Gonzalez, S., & Goldstein, J. (2019, November 20). Three sides of a car loan (No. 953) [Audio podcast episode]. In Planet Money. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2019/11/20/781364732/episode-953-three-sides-of-a-car-loan In-Text Citation: (Duffin et al., 2019) |
| Government Report |
Format: Author, A. A. OR Name of group. (Publication date). Title of report. Publisher Name. DOI or URL.
Example: Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023, February 3). News release: The employment situation — January 2023. U.S. Department of Labor. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf
In-Text Citation: (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023) |
| Annual Report |
Format: Author, A. A. OR Name of group. (Publication date). Title of report. URL
Example: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2017). Agency financial report: Fiscal year 2017. https://www.sec.org/files/sec-2017-agency-financial-report.pdf
In-Text Citation: (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2017) |
| Code of Ethics |
Format: Author, A. A. OR Name of group. (Publication date). Title of work. URL
Example: American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. https://www.nursingworld.org/coe-view-only.
In-Text Citation: (American Nurses Association, 2015) |
| Film |
Format: Director, D. D. (Director). (Release date). Title of film [Film]. Production Company.
Example: Gunn, J. (Director). (2014). Guardians of the galaxy [Film]. Marvel Studios.
In-Text Citation: (Gunn, 2014) |
| TV Series Episode |
Format: Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Release date). Episode title (Season No., Episode No.) [TV series episode]. In Executive Producers, P. P. (Executive Producers), Title of Show. Production Company.
Example: Rhimes, S. (Writer), & Hardy, R. (Director). (2015, April 23). How to save a life (Season 11, Episode 21) [TV series episode]. In B. Beers, Z. Clack, R. Corn, M. Gordon, W. Harper, S. McKee, J. D. Parriott, & S. Rhimes (Executive Producers), Grey's Anatomy. Shondaland; The Mark Gordon Company; ABC Studios.
In-Text Citation: (Rhimes & Hardy, 2015) |
| Tweet |
Format: Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Description of audiovisuals, if any] [Tweet]. Site Name. URL.
Example: Murphy, C. [@ChrisMurphyCT]. (2020, January 9). Been a long day, but heading now into the studio to talk w @maddow about today's developments regarding Iran. Tune [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/ChrisMurphyCT/status/1215456690214244353?s=20
In-Text Citation: (Murphy, 2020) |
| Instagram Post |
Format: Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Description of audiovisuals, if any] [Photograph/Video (depending on content)]. Site Name. URL. Example: Obama, M. [@michelleobama]. (2019, December 30). Thinking back over the past decade is a bit of a whirlwind. It's not easy to take stock of all [Photographs]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B6t5psBA-O9/?igshid=12ysvlec5w689 In-Text Citation: (Obama, 2019) |
| Lectures or Other Class Materials |
Format: Author, A. A. (Publication Date). Title of work [Content Type]. Platform. URL. Example: Mitchell, M. K. (2022). Library resources for PSC354: Human rights and global affairs [PowerPoint slides]. Blackboard. https://blackboard.syr.edu/ In-Text Citation: (Mitchell, 2022) |