Citation Styles: APA Other Resources

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Below are PDF versions of the citation handouts we keep at the Information Desk:

The use of ChatGPT or other AI tools in assignments should be discussed with your instructor. As a general rule, if you are incorporating any information from an AI tool into your research assignments, you must cite the AI tool or the information that the tool is directing you to.

For more information about ChatGPT and AI, please visit the Libraries' Artificial Intelligence guide.

For faculty/instructors looking for further teaching support and development around ChatGPT and AI, contact CTLE at CTLE@syr.edu. 

For anyone with questions about ChatGPT / AI and academic integrity, contact CLASS at aio@syr.edu.

Official APA, MLA, and Chicago style guidance on how to cite ChatGPT:

• APA Official Guidance
• MLA Official Guidance
• Chicago Style Official Guidance

The following are a list of the different ways you can format your in-text citation:

Author’s name in text (no page number):
Cassell and Jenkins (2000) compared reaction times. . .

Author’s name in reference (no page number):
In a recent study of reaction times (Cassell & Jenkins, 2000). . .

Author’s name in text (page number):
According to Cuno (2008), within the last few years “archaeologists have lobbied for national and international laws, treaties, and conventions to prohibit the international movement of antiquities” (p. 1).

Author’s name in reference (page number):
The argument runs that, “The term 'Czechoslovak' had become a rich source of contention almost immediately after the state's formation” (Innes, 2001, p. 16).

Two authors in reference:
A study conducted on a college campus concluded that therapy dogs help to reduce stress in students during final examinations (Smith & Jones, 2016).

Three or more authors in reference:
Dehydration resulting from caffeine can cause severe complications from the body (Adams et al., 2012).

No known author:
A similar study was conducted around students learning how to format a research paper ("Using APA," 2019).

• Use an abbreviated version of the title of the page in quotation marks to substitute for the name of the author

No known author or date:
In another study of students and research decision, it was discovered that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d).

• Use the first few words from the title and the abbreviation n.d. ("no date")

Citing multiple sources in one parenthetical:
Monthly average temperatures are increasing at a rapid rate in the last 5-7 years (Brewster & Kolvin, 2022; Theodore et al., 2020; Weiss, 2017).

Wang (2006, 2013, 2021, in press) describes this phenomenon as...

Thendara et al. (2018), Abbott & Mitchell (2015), and Dolce & Kiern (2022) explain...

• You may need to cite multiple sources in one parenthetical if these sources are claiming similar statements that you are paraphrasing. This indicates that there are multiple sources supporting the claim you are making.
• Citations need to appear in alphabetical order and separated by semicolons.
• Arrange two or more works by the same author(s) by year of publication.
• For more information about citing multiple sources in one parenthetical for APA can be found here.

What is Considered to be a Long Quotation?

If the quotation you use in your paper is longer than 3 lines, then it is considered to be a long quotation (also known as a "block quote").

Rules for Long Quotations

There are 4 basic rules that apply to long quotations:

1. Place a colon at the end of the sentence that you write in order to introduce your long quotation.
2. Start the long quotation on a new line in your Word document. Indent the long quotation 0.5 inches from the rest of the text, so it looks like a block of text.
3. Do not put quotation marks (" ") around your long quotation.
4. Place the period at the end of the quotation before your in-text citation instead of after, like you would with regular quotations.

Example of a Long Quotation

In order for libraries to grow and adapt to new generations, it is vital to experiment with programming and services:

The idea of experimentation is to try something new. On occasion, ideas do not always work out the way we hope, and that's okay. Assessment helps determine if an experiment is worth supporting permanently. We consider that iPad experiment at the Art & Architecture Library a failure. The few students who tried the apps, like the app Procreate, but there was not enough evidence for us to continue offering it. Even though we call it a failure, it was not a waste of time. We learned that students are interested in digital art platforms but prefer to use apps on their personal devices. (Copper, 2020, p. 79)

A figure can be a chart, graph, photograph, drawing, or another type of illustration.

​A table generally shows numerical values or text. Anything else is considered a figure.

Citation format of a figure or table is dependent on what source it originally appears in: book, article, database, or a website.​

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Reminder: If you use or adapt a figure or table from another source, like the internet, you need to include a copyright attribution in the figure/table note indicating the origin of the figure/table. ​

​If you use a figure or table from another publication, you must obtain permissions from the author or publisher before including it in your research.

Please refer to the "Citing Figures & Tables: APA 7th edition" PowerPoint slides below for examples: